BD: What were the technical challenges in creating a world filled with hair and fur and the crowds? What did you do at Mac Guff?

CR: We did quite a few things that were new to us. With Despicable Me, we made very clear decisions with an existing pipeline, but we also knew it was our first film and there were a lot of things that had to be worked out with the cloth effects. But we didn't want to bite off more than we could chew. With this one, we decided to throw all caution to the wind and had a plethora of furred characters and environments. Every Truffula tree is a fur shader essentially; grass -- characters walking on grass; and large crowds of both animals and humans in the town of Thneedville; and of course in the forests. And we're continuing to master crowds for subsequent films like Despicable Me 2. The Minions are simpler characters but there's a nice hand-animated feel to the crowds, which we tried to maintain in Thneedville. Certainly some things are replicated, but we didn't use any software like Massive -- but certain spots call out characters in little background animations, which makes it fun. It gives that world life. I think at the end of the day, the crowds ended up being the most work intensive from the rendering point of view.

The Once-ler makes a very costly mistake.

"UNLESS someone like you cares a whole awful lot, nothing is going to get better. It’s not."

BD: How did you solve that?

CR: We had a lot of crowd animators. We did it in separate passes. We'd do the principal animation and then we had a special team that was the crowd animators and would have separate approval and ran in through. We developed a library of moves that we would replicate for some dancing.

BD: And most of it is done in Maya?

CR: Pretty much. We do use a proprietary renderer at Illumination Mac Guff, but essentially they're tools and plug-ins using Maya as a base. We use a very comp intensive process [with Nuke], compared, I think, to a lot of people. We get to a certain point in our lighting model and then finish it with comp. Actually, for the upcoming projects, we're looking at global illumination and displacement maps, which we haven't been using. But that's where everyone is. But we tend to do it with grading and comp, which, I have to say, I like very much. At the end of the day, even with global illumination, what I tend to find is, while it's great to have reality, what you end up needing is a heightened reality, so you end up tweaking it a lot anyway.

But one thing we did, which was different on The Lorax, was we didn't have lighting and comp very separate as far as approvals. We had the lighting and comp team work really hand in hand. And so when I was looking at shots to approve, they were at a finished point. So it was good, even with the cloth effects, the fluidity wasn't so much about the specifics of the tools but it was how we integrated them and where I checked into the process. The cloth effects were far and away improved over Despicable Me, where Pierre [Coffin] and I had to really watch for mistakes. This time our meetings were about creative decisions instead of being policemen.

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Bill Desowitz is former senior editor of AWN and editor of VFXWorld. His blog is Immersed in Movies (www.billdesowitz.com), he's a regular contributor to Thompson on Hollywood at Indiewire and he's the author of the upcoming James Bond Unmasked (Spies), which chronicles the 50-year evolution of the iconic superspy from Connery to Craig.